2023年4月新闻热点
作者:Publius
目录:
1、新冠病毒变种情况
2、国际范围内新冠病毒疫情流行情况
(1)全球疫情感染和死亡情况
(2)世卫组织仍然认为COVID-19疫情构成“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”
(3)美国总统拜登1月30日对国会发布声明表示,准备在今年5月11日结束应对COVID-19的国家紧急状态和公共卫生紧急状态
(4)日本逐步下调新冠应对等级
(5)中国国务院联防联控机制表示,目前全国整体疫情已进入低流行水平
应对甲流的十二法宝之(1)——磷酸奥司他韦(达菲)
The twelve magic weapons to deal with influenza A (1) – oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu)
Mr.k 123
甲型流感,简称“甲流”,是由甲型流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。流感病毒分为甲、乙、丙、丁4型,其中人流感主要是甲型流感病毒和乙型流感病毒引起。甲型流感和乙型流感每年呈季节性流行。
Influenza A, or “influenza A” for short, is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza A viruses. Influenza viruses are classified into four types: A, B, C and D. Human influenza is mainly caused by influenza A viruses and influenza B viruses. Influenza A and influenza B are seasonal epidemics every year.
感染“甲流”后,患者主要表现为突然的高热,常有咳嗽、咽喉痛、鼻塞、流涕等呼吸道症状,伴有头痛、肌肉酸痛等全身不适,发热体温可达39℃~40℃,有的会发生胃肠道的不适感。不过,对大多数人来说,3-5天后发烧和全身症状就能自行好转。
After being infected with “influenza A”, patients mainly present with sudden high fever, often with respiratory symptoms such as cough, sore throat, nasal congestion and runny nose, accompanied by general discomfort such as headache and muscle aches, and fever temperature can reach 39℃ to 40℃, and some may experience gastrointestinal discomfort. However, for most people, the fever and systemic symptoms will improve on their own after 3-5 days.
甲型流感病毒最容易发生变异,几乎每一次流感大流行都是甲型流感病毒出现新亚型或旧亚型重现引起的。它主要通过飞沫经呼吸道传播,患者及隐性感染者为主要传染源,患者自发病后5天内均可从鼻涕、口涎、痰液等分泌物排出病毒,传染期约1周,病初2~3天传染性最强。
Almost every influenza pandemic is caused by the emergence of a new subtype of influenza A virus or the reappearance of an old subtype. It is mainly spread by droplets through the respiratory tract, patients and hidden infected people are the main source of infection, patients can discharge virus from nasal discharge, saliva, sputum and other secretions within 5 days after the onset of the disease, the infectious period is about 1 week, the first 2-3 days of the disease is the most infectious.
一老、一小和有基础性疾病的人群感染后,疾病加重、发生严重并发症和死亡的风险更高。对这部分群体而言,应该及时服用抗流感药物,并积极接种流感疫苗。其他群体可以酌情考虑。
An older, younger and people with underlying medical conditions are at higher risk of exacerbation of illness, serious complications and death after infection. For this group, anti-influenza medications should be taken promptly and influenza vaccination should be actively administered. Other groups may be considered at their discretion.
我们将向读者们仔细介绍对抗流感的药物、疫苗和治疗方式,以及获取它们的手段。
We will give our readers a closer look at the drugs, vaccines and treatments available to fight influenza, as well as the means to obtain them.
对症的特效抗病毒药物——奥司他韦
奥司他韦,又称达菲,是目前治疗甲型和乙型流感最有效的抗病毒药物。它通过抑制甲型和乙型的流感病毒的神经氨酸酶活性,从而抑制病毒从被感染的细胞中释放,来减少甲型和乙型流感病毒在人体内的进一步传播。
罗氏制药有限公司是奥司他韦的专利持有人,他们生产的奥司他韦磷酸盐胶囊剂(商品名中国大陆称达菲,港译特敏福,台湾译为克流感)是市场上最早出现的奥司他韦制剂。
Symptomatic and potent antiviral drug – oseltamivir
Oseltamivir, also known as Tamiflu, is the most effective antiviral drug available for the treatment of influenza A and B. It reduces the further spread of influenza A and B viruses in the body by inhibiting the neuraminidase activity of influenza A and B viruses, thereby inhibiting the release of the viruses from infected cells.
Roche Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is the patent holder of oseltamivir, and their oseltamivir phosphate capsule (trade name Tamiflu in mainland China, Tamiflu in Hong Kong, and Keflu in Taiwan) was the first oseltamivir formulation to appear on the market.
服用方式和作用效果:
一般服用两次。出现症状后应立刻服用。
暴露在流感病毒环境下后服用,可以起到预防感染的作用;
若已经感染、发病,及时服用后可以起到减轻症状、缩短病程的作用。
Dosage pattern and effect of action:
Generally taken twice. It should be taken immediately after the onset of symptoms.
Taken after exposure to influenza virus, it may serve as a preventive measure against infection;
If you have already been infected and developed the disease, you can take it in time to reduce the symptoms and shorten the course of the disease.
需要注意的情况:
老人、儿童、孕妇以及有严重基础病的人,应该在服用奥司他韦前遵循医嘱。
减毒活流感疫苗会被奥司他韦(达菲)抑制,所以如果有接种疫苗的计划,或者刚刚接种过疫苗,不宜服用奥司他韦。
若出现持续高热、疼痛、水肿,败血病及其他的严重疾病,应及时就医。
Conditions requiring attention:
The elderly, children, pregnant women, and people with serious underlying medical conditions should follow medical advice before taking oseltamivir.
Live attenuated influenza vaccine is inhibited by oseltamivir (Tamiflu), so oseltamivir should not be taken if vaccination is planned, or if you have just received the vaccine.
Seek medical attention for persistent high fever, pain, edema, sepsis and other serious illnesses.
罗氏制药是生产出奥司他韦原研药的企业,其商品名为“达菲”。这家公司1896年由弗里兹.豪夫迈.罗氏在瑞士巴塞尔成立,经过120多年的发展,现在已经是闻名全球的国际一流制药企业。罗氏公司的知名业务有创新药的研发和生产、维生素和镇定剂类药物的研发和生产(比如知名的【安定】镇定剂)、医疗诊断设备的生产以及化妆品的研发和生产。磷酸奥司他韦(达菲)的研发是罗氏公司于21世纪出的“知名之作”,质量值得信任。
中国内地仿制生产磷酸奥司他韦规模最大的企业是东阳光药。
Roche Pharmaceuticals is the manufacturer of the original oseltamivir drug, known by its trade name Tamiflu. The company was founded in 1896 by Fritz Hauptmann. The company was founded in Basel, Switzerland, in 1896 by Fritz Hofmann. Roche was founded in Basel, Switzerland, in 1896 by Fritz Hauptmann, and has grown over the past 120 years to become a leading international pharmaceutical company. Roche’s well-known businesses include the development and production of innovative drugs, the development and production of vitamins and tranquilizers (such as the well-known [Valium] tranquilizer), the production of medical diagnostic equipment, and the development and production of cosmetics. The development of oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu) is the “famous work” of Roche in the 21st century, and its quality can be trusted.
The largest generic manufacturer of oseltamivir phosphate in mainland China is Dongyang Pharmaceutical.