2022年12月新闻热点(Recent hotspots December 2022)
作者:Publius
目录:
1.德国接近于全面恢复新冠前的状态,但仍保留应对措施。
2. 荷兰部分行业宣布大幅度提升养老金
3.欧元区11月制造业活动下滑趋势缓解,通胀压力放缓
4.德国将进一步降低外来劳动力的移民标准,不需要提前出示工作证明也能先到德国
5.欧盟国家支持450亿欧元芯片计划,行业呼吁加快芯片法案进度
6.瑞士科学家研发出类鸟有翼无人机,能够急转弯避障
7.部分欧洲藏品将在近期抵达上海与香港,参加展出活动
近期热点 2022.12.6
1.德国接近于全面恢复新冠前的状态,但仍保留应对措施。
据《新华二代在德国》报道,很多迹象表明,德国正朝着宣布疫情结束的方向迈进: 德国人对新冠的恐惧从2020年的36%降到今天的18%。
现在除了少数限制如对感染者实施五天义务性隔离和建议在乘坐公交时戴口罩以外,大多数人实际上都过着 “疫情已经结束的生活”。
自11月份以来,先后有巴登符腾堡州、巴伐利亚州(一个星期后被联邦行政法院法院否决)、黑森州、石荷州和莱茵州都宣布废除义务性隔离,改为患者采取佩戴口罩等防范措施5天的政策。不排除在12月份有越来越多的州也加入废除义务性隔离的行列。
目前,虽然联邦卫生部长坚持感染者被隔离五天政策,但卫生领域政策更多地取决于州的政策,不属于他管辖。
卫生部目前也正在逐渐减少对新冠病毒pcr检测(核糖核酸检测)的补贴。
目前,德国医疗系统资源充裕,很多医院的重症监护床也都在空着。
前不久,德国知名病毒学家德罗斯滕在接受《时代在线》采访时说道,目前 “病毒的状况很窘迫”, 它基本上不能再兴风作浪。再加上接种了第一针、第二针、第三针与第四针疫苗的群体越来越多,逐渐接近全民免疫。据他的判断,德国距离宣布疫情结束的时间越来越接近了。
不过,德国仍然保留了大量的应对新冠病毒的措施,包括疫苗、特效药、医疗人员与物资的准备以及部分公共卫生措施等。
Germany is close to a full return to pre-New Crown status, but still retains response measures.
There are many signs that Germany is moving toward declaring the end of the epidemic: Germans’ fear of neo-crown has dropped from 36% in 2020 to 18% today, according to Xinhua II in Germany.
Most people are now effectively living as if the “epidemic is over,” except for a few restrictions such as the mandatory five-day quarantine for those infected and the recommendation to wear a mask when traveling on public transportation.
Since November, successively Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria (rejected by the Federal Administrative Court Court a week later), Hesse, Schleswig-Holstein and Rheinland have announced the abolition of compulsory quarantine in favor of a policy of five days of precautionary measures such as wearing masks for patients. It is not excluded that more and more states will join the abolition of compulsory isolation in December.
At present, although the Federal Minister of Health insists on a five-day quarantine policy for infected persons, the policy in the health field depends more on the state policy and is not under his jurisdiction.
The Ministry of Health is also currently phasing out subsidies for pcr testing (ribonucleic acid testing) for the new coronavirus.
Currently, the German health care system is well resourced and many hospitals have empty intensive care beds.
In a recent interview with Time Online, Drosten, a leading German virologist, said that “the virus is currently in a very distressed situation”, and that it basically cannot make waves anymore. This, coupled with the growing number of groups that have received their first, second, third and fourth vaccinations, is gradually approaching universal immunization. In his judgment, Germany is getting closer to declaring the end of the outbreak.
2. 荷兰部分行业宣布大幅度提升养老金
据荷兰媒体报道,从2023年1月1日起,加入建筑业养老基金的建筑工人、木匠等人员的养老金将大幅增加。届时福利将增加 14.52%,这是有史以来最大的增幅之一。
早些时候,制金属品工人和医护人员的养老金宣布增加,但幅度不大,分别为 4.2% 和 6%。
Some Dutch industries announce significant pension increases
According to Dutch media reports, from January 1, 2023, pensions for construction workers, carpenters and others who join the construction industry pension fund will increase significantly. Benefits will then increase by 14.52%, one of the largest increases ever.
Earlier, pension increases were announced for metalworkers and paramedics, but they were modest, at 4.2 percent and 6 percent, respectively.
3.欧元区11月制造业活动下滑趋势缓解,通胀压力放缓
据PMI调查显示,尽管欧元区的工厂仍然面临严冬,但11月整个欧元区制造业活动的低迷状况有所缓解。欧元区11月标普全球制造业PMI终值升至47.1,但仍低于荣枯分水岭50。
德国、法国及英国11月制造业PMI均见回升,但也仍低于50的荣枯分水岭。
欧元区10月失业率为6.5%,略低于市场预估。
欧洲央行首席经济学家连恩表示,欧元区实质利率已经上升“相当多”,这番言论表明,他认为欧洲央行对抗通胀的部分努力已经完成。
3. Eurozone manufacturing activity eases downward trend in November, inflationary pressure slows
According to PMI survey, although factories in the eurozone are still facing a harsh winter, but the downturn in manufacturing activity across the eurozone eased in November. The final S&P global manufacturing PMI for the eurozone rose to 47.1 in November, but is still below the R&B watershed of 50.
Germany, France and the United Kingdom in November manufacturing PMI are seen rebound, but also still below the 50 glory and dry watershed.
Eurozone unemployment rate was 6.5% in October, slightly lower than the market forecast.
The European Central Bank chief economist Lien said that the eurozone real interest rates have risen “quite a lot”, the remarks indicate that he believes that the European Central Bank to fight inflation part of the effort has been completed
4.德国将进一步降低外来劳动力的移民标准,不需要提前出示工作证明也能先到德国
据【新华二代在德国】报道,德国内政部已起草一份修改国籍法文案,并提交给总理府。因德国缺乏劳动力,德国联邦政府正准备进一步简化引进国外劳动力的程序。联邦政府希望通过基于加拿大模式的积分制度(Punktesystem)使人们能够移民德国,即使他们还没有在德国找到工作(或提前出示工作证明)。
根据这份文件显示,具有 “良好潜力 “的人将被给予 “留下来寻找工作 “的机会。政府希望 “根据一个透明的、非官僚的积分系统 “来决定谁有资格获得这种 “机会卡”(Chancenkarte)。
“选择标准可以包括资格、语言技能、工作经验、与德国相关性(Deutschlandbezug)和年龄。” 分数(或打分)系统究竟应该如何运作,一个标准的弱点是否能与另一个标准的强点相平衡,尚且不详。
三大支柱(”Drei Säule”)作为衡量标准
(1)潜力支柱(”Potenzial-Säule”)
在没有工作合同的情况下也能先到德国。因为申请者被判定有 “潜力”。既然有潜力,自然能在德国找到工作。
(2)技能支柱(”Fachkräfte-Säule”)
“蓝卡”(Blaue Karte)是欧盟为高素质工人提供的一种工具,它将通过降低申请人必须获得的最低工资限制而变得 “更加有利于移民”。今后,只有 “年平均工资总额的1.25倍 “才有必要作为正常的工资限额。对于急需技术工人的职业(”瓶颈职业”)以及新进入者来说,”1.0倍的平均年薪总额” 就足够了。新规定对申请者年收入的标准有明显下降。
(3)经验支柱(”Erfahrungs-Säule”)
符合条件的人将被允许在某些条件下移民工作,即使其学位没有得到正式承认。
在不受监管的职业中(nicht-reglementierten Berufen),只要您拥有专业学位或大学学位,“拥有两年在该行业中的工作经验” 就足够了。
联邦政府还希望延长 “西巴尔干地区条例”(Westbalkanregelung),”至少大幅提高配额,并争取扩大到其它国家”。到目前为止,该条例允许每年有2.5万名来自西巴尔干国家的人带着有约束力的就业邀请来德国工作。新的配额有多高,可以增加多少个国家,尚且不详。
4. Germany will further lower the immigration standards for foreign laborers, and you can come to Germany first without showing a work certificate in advance
According to [Xinhua II in Germany], the German Ministry of Interior has drafted a document to amend the nationality law and submitted it to the Chancellery. Due to the shortage of labor in Germany, the German federal government is preparing to further simplify the procedure for importing foreign labor. The federal government wants to enable people to immigrate to Germany through a points system (Punktesystem) based on the Canadian model, even if they have not yet found a job in Germany (or show proof of work in advance).
According to this document, people with “good potential” will be given the opportunity to “stay and look for work”. The government wants to decide who is eligible for this “opportunity card” (Chancenkarte) “based on a transparent, non-bureaucratic point system.
“Selection criteria could include qualifications, language skills, work experience, relevance to Germany (Deutschlandbezug) and age.” Exactly how the scoring (or scoring) system should work, and whether the weaknesses of one criterion can be balanced against the strengths of another, is not yet known.
Three pillars (“Drei Säule”) are used as measures
(1) Pillar of Potential (“Potenzial-Säule”)
First to Germany even without a work contract. This is because the applicant is judged to have “potential”. Since there is potential, it is natural to find a job in Germany.
(2) Skills Pillar (“Fachkräfte-Säule”)
The “Blue Card” (Blaue Karte) is an EU tool for highly qualified workers that will become “more migrant-friendly” by lowering the minimum wage limit that applicants must earn. In the future, only “1.25 times the average annual gross salary” will be necessary as a normal wage limit. For occupations where skilled workers are urgently needed (“bottleneck occupations”) and for new entrants, “1.0 times the average annual gross salary” will suffice. The new rules have significantly lowered the standard for applicants’ annual earnings.
(3) Experience Pillar (“Erfahrungs-Säule”)
Eligible persons will be allowed to migrate to work under certain conditions, even if their degree is not officially recognized.
In unregulated occupations (nicht-reglementierten Berufen), “two years of work experience in the industry” is sufficient as long as you have a professional degree or a university degree.
The federal government also wants to extend the “West Balkanregelung” (regulation for the West Balkan region) to “at least significantly increase the quota and seek to extend it to other countries.” So far, the ordinance has allowed 25,000 people from Western Balkan countries to come to work in Germany each year with a binding offer of employment. It is not yet known how high the new quota will be and how many additional countries can be added.
5.欧盟国家支持450亿欧元芯片计划,行业呼吁加快芯片法案进度
根据路透社报道,欧盟国家近期同意一项450亿欧元(约合466亿美元)的芯片生产计划,使这个27国集团离减少对美国和亚洲制造商依赖的目标又近了一步。
担任欧盟轮值主席国的捷克共和国表示,欧盟特使一致支持欧盟委员会提议的修订版。
欧盟部长们于12月1日举行会议,为芯片计划加盖橡皮图章,该计划明年仍需在欧洲议会进行辩论,然后才能成为法律。
在全球芯片短缺和供应链瓶颈打击汽车制造商、医疗保健提供商和电信运营商之后,欧盟高管希望国家补贴将帮助欧盟在2030年之前实现全球芯片产能20%的份额,并提出了这一提议。目前,欧洲在芯片生产中的份额为8%,低于2000年的24%。不过,欧盟企业在半导体产业链上仍具有诸多优势地位。
特使们同意对委员会的提案进行修改,包括允许国家补贴范围更广的芯片,而不仅仅是最先进的芯片。这些补贴将涵盖在计算能力、能源效率、环境效益和人工智能方面带来创新的芯片。该提案将扩大被认为是“同类首创”并有资格获得国家援助的芯片工厂的范围,但不会允许所有汽车芯片有资格获得资金,而一些国家在今年秋天早些时候曾要求这样做。
路透社看到的一份欧盟文件显示,欧盟国家还试图限制欧盟执行委员会的权力,称其在危机期间向公司提出的信息要求必须相称且以安全为重点。该文件称,欧盟立法者仍面临为该项目敲定资金的任务。
委员会已从研究项目中拨出专项资金,并从其他计划中拨出未动用的资金,这引起了一些欧盟国家的批评,认为这可能不公平地让已经拥有芯片设施或准备吸引芯片制造商的国家受益。那些芯片行业规模较小的国家一直担心这笔资金只会惠及德国等业务规模较大的大国。
虽然该计划要到明年才能最终确定,但许多公司已经宣布了新的半导体制造基地,包括英特尔Intel、格罗方德GlobalFoundries、意法半导体STMicroelectronics 和英飞凌Infineon。
5. EU countries back 45 billion euro chip plan, industry calls for faster chip bill
According to Reuters, EU countries recently agreed to a 45 billion euro ($46.6 billion) chip production plan, bringing the 27-nation bloc one step closer to its goal of reducing reliance on U.S. and Asian manufacturers.
The Czech Republic, which holds the EU’s rotating presidency, said EU envoys unanimously supported the revised version proposed by the European Commission.
EU ministers met on Dec. 1 to rubber-stamp the chip plan, which still needs to be debated in the European Parliament next year before it can become law.
The proposal comes after a global chip shortage and supply chain bottlenecks hit automakers, healthcare providers and telecom operators, and EU executives hope state subsidies will help the EU achieve a 20 percent share of global chip production capacity by 2030. Europe’s share of chip production is 8 percent, down from 24 percent in 2000.
The envoys agreed to changes to the Commission’s proposal, including allowing national subsidies for a wider range of chips, not just the most advanced ones. These subsidies would cover chips that bring innovation in computing power, energy efficiency, environmental benefits and artificial intelligence. The proposal would expand the range of chip factories considered “first of their kind” and eligible for state aid, but would not allow all automotive chips to be eligible for funding, as some states had requested earlier this fall.
EU countries are also trying to limit the powers of the EU’s executive committee, saying its information requests to companies during a crisis must be proportionate and safety-focused, according to an EU document seen by Reuters. EU lawmakers still face the task of finalizing funding for the program, the document said.
The commission has earmarked money from research projects and allocated unused funds from other programs, drawing criticism from some EU countries that it may unfairly benefit countries that already have chip facilities or are ready to attract chipmakers. Those countries with smaller chip industries have been concerned that the funds will only benefit large countries with larger operations, such as Germany.
Although the plan will not be finalized until next year, but many companies have already announced new semiconductor manufacturing sites, including Intel Intel, Grofond GlobalFoundries, STMicroelectronics and Infineon Infineon.
6.瑞士科学家研发出类鸟有翼无人机,能够急转弯避障
瑞士科学家展示了一种像鸟一样的有翼无人机,它可以在城市和森林等密集的环境中急转弯避障。相关研究成果近日发表于《通讯-工程》杂志上。
虽然有翼无人机在空气动力学和能量上比多旋翼驱动的无人机飞行更高效,但有翼无人机转弯需要更大空间,限制了它们在密集环境如城市中的应用。
为了改善有翼无人机的转弯性能,瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院的Dario Floreano和同事设计了一种受鸟类启发的无人机。这种无人机由纤维强化塑料制成,最大翼展1.5米、重711克。它有两个机翼、一个尾部,类似于鸟的外观,拥有人造羽毛,可以收拢和倾侧。
他们进行了风洞和飞行测试,评估机翼和机尾运动对无人机可滚转速度和所需转弯区域的影响。
研究发现,相比机翼同角度倾侧但一侧延展、一侧收拢,以不同角度倾侧各机翼时,无人机滚转速度可以快至4倍多。通过将机翼和机尾朝外伸展,无人机可以以4.9米半径转弯。相比之下,机翼机尾收拢时的转弯半径为12.1米。这说明这种无人机能够急转,也意味着其能在密集环境中飞行。
研究者认为,该发现有助开发新的有翼无人机,在开放和密集环境中都能够进行长距离飞行。
6. Swiss scientists have developed a bird-like winged drone that can make sharp turns to avoid obstacles
Swiss scientists have demonstrated a bird-like winged drone that can make sharp turns to avoid obstacles in dense environments such as cities and forests. The research results were recently published in Communications-Engineering.
While winged drones are more aerodynamically and energetically efficient than multi-rotor-driven drones to fly, winged drones require more space to turn, limiting their use in dense environments such as cities.
To improve the turning performance of winged drones, Dario Floreano and colleagues at the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland, have designed a bird-inspired drone. The drone is made of fiber-reinforced plastic and has a maximum wingspan of 1.5 meters and weighs 711 grams. It has two wings, a tail, and a bird-like appearance with artificial feathers that can be retracted and tilted to the side.
They conducted wind tunnel and flight tests to evaluate the effect of wing and tail motion on the UAV’s rollable speed and required turning area.
It was found that the UAV could roll up to four times faster when tilting each wing at different angles than when the wings were tilted at the same angle but extended on one side and retracted on the other. By extending the wings and tail outward, the UAV can turn with a 4.9-meter radius. This compares to a turn radius of 12.1 meters with the wings and tail retracted. This indicates that this drone can make sharp turns and means that it can fly in dense environments.
The researchers believe that the finding could help develop new winged UAVs that can fly long distances in both open and dense environments.
7.部分欧洲藏品将在近期抵达上海与香港,参加展出活动
2023年1月17日,上海博物馆将携手英国国家美术馆举办「从波提切利到梵高:英国国家美术馆珍藏展」。展览共计展出 52 件油画作品,并且是英国国家美术馆馆藏精品首次亮相中国大陆。展品涵盖了波提切利、拉斐尔、提香、戈塞特、卡拉瓦乔、伦勃朗…莫奈以及梵高等 50 位欧洲艺术巨匠,尽览 400 年西方艺术故事。展览将持续至2023年5月7日。
此外,欧洲王室瑰宝近期还在香港登陆,11月9日起,香港故宫文化博物馆联合列支敦士登王室收藏举办「艺苑寻珍」特展,展出逾 120 件列支敦士登王室珍藏。展品横跨五个世纪的西方大师经典巨作,种类涵盖油画、版画、挂毯、雕塑以及装饰艺术等。其中,最为瞩目的展品包括欧洲艺术巨匠彼得•保罗•鲁本斯与安东尼•凡•戴克的近 40 幅作品。这些珍品不仅是列支敦士登最为人赞叹的镇国之宝,亦是世界上最为重要的私人收藏系列之一。展览将持续至2023年2月20日。
7. Some of the European collections will arrive in Shanghai and Hong Kong for the exhibition in the near future
On January 17, 2023, the Shanghai Museum and the National Gallery of Great Britain will present “From Botticelli to Van Gogh: The British National Gallery Collection”. The exhibition will feature 52 oil paintings and will be the first time that works from the National Gallery’s collection will be exhibited in China. The exhibition includes works by 50 artists, including Botticelli, Raphael, Titian, Gossett, Caravaggio, Rembrandt… Monet and Van Gogh, and 50 other European art giants, to tell the story of 400 years of Western art. The exhibition will run until May 7, 2023.
In addition, European royal treasures have recently arrived in Hong Kong, with the Hong Kong Palace Museum and the Princely Collection of Liechtenstein presenting a special exhibition, “Treasures of the Arts,” from November 9, featuring more than 120 pieces from the Princely Collection of Liechtenstein. The exhibit spans five centuries of Western masterpieces, including paintings, prints, tapestries, sculptures, and decorative arts. Among the most notable exhibits are nearly 40 works by European art masters Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck. These are not only some of Liechtenstein’s most admired treasures, but also one of the most important private collections in the world. The exhibition will run until February 20, 2023.